Ammonia concentration increased between day 5-10 and then started to decline at day 21 and pH values were decreasing with increased IAL dosage. All experiments had an increasing value of DO until Day 21 and gradually decreased, while BOD 5 increased with increased IAL dosage. The parameters were Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD 5 ), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), turbidity, pH, chlorine and survivability test and tests were conducted on day 1, 3, 7, 14, 21 and 28. The various dosage of IAL in power form (0-200 mg/L) was used to determine physical, chemical and biological parameters of aquarium water quality in the presence of Betta fish. As for the aquarium tank, smaller tanks with a capacity of 4.5 litres are used since Betta fish is small in size and it is easy to be accommodated in the aquarium. For this study, the powdered form of IAL was used for faster dilution or mixing. Therefore, in this study, Indian almond leaves (IAL) were used to investigate the impacts on water quality in an aquarium with Betta fish as they are hardy fish, tolerant to changes in water quality, comparatively cheaper and more readily available in tropical countries. There are very few studies done to understand the impact of Indian almond leaves (IAL) on aquarium water quality. The optimum dosage of 50 mg/L of IAL can eliminate any requirement for de-chlorination for Betta fish.

The study revealed that Betta fish could survive for 28 days without any application of de-chlorinator. The total coliform test has the highest total coliform count on day 28 for IAL dosage. All experiments had an increasing value of DO until Day 21 and gradually decreased, while BOD5 increased with increased IAL dosage. The parameters were Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), turbidity, pH, chlorine and survivability test and tests were conducted on day 1, 3, 7, 14, 21 and 28. Histopathological examination of gills revealed severe congested blood vessels and capillaries of primary and secondary gill filaments together with moderate infiltration of lymphocytes in lumina propria. There was a significant decrease in body weight, body gain, RBCs, WBCs, hemoglobin and hematocrite (PCV%) with a significant increase in cortisol in fishes exposed to sublethal concentrations of chlorine. In addition, loss of reflexes, fade coloration of the body and slight destruction of fin membrane of dorsal fin in sublethal exposure. The exposed fishes showed abnormal swimming behaviour, restlessness, decrease respiratory rate with signs of anoxia, congested gill tissues and excessive mucus secretion on body surface of dead fish. LC50 of chlorine in swordtail and koi were 1.375 mg/L and 2.4425 mg/L respectively. The 96 hrs LC50 of chlorine was determined in addition the effect of sublethal exposure (1/20 and 1/10 96 hrs LC50) on health and growth of exposed fishes. In this study 500 fishes (250 swordtail and 250 koi) were used. This study was applied on swordtail “Xiphophorus helleri” and koi “Cyprinus carpio” to investigate the stress response of these fishes to acute and sublethal toxicity of chlorine.

Aquadine anti chlorine